Usually, B12 is absorbed once it is attached to the protein intrinsic factor (IF), made by cells in the stomach
Liposomes offer significant advantages as drug delivery systems for PD, particularly due to their ability to encapsulate various types of drugs and their potential for targeted delivery to specific cells or tissues, such as dopaminergic neurons (132, 133)
Addition of a small amount of glutathione transferase (GTs) to the reaction mixture of MBB and GSH resulted in a marked increase of fluorescence compared to the mixture without enzyme, demonstrating MBB is a substrate for the enzyme
Oxidative stress induces cell damage by alteration of macromolecules, such as fatty acids in membrane, essential proteins, or DNA
For most healthy adults, the difference is minimal, because both forms restore B12 levels effectively