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A 2022 report from The Office for Health Improvements and Disparities states that in the short and medium term, vaping poses a small fraction of the risks of smoking. However, they do add that studies assessing longer-term vaping (for more than 12 months) are necessary. Similarly, a 2018 review concluded that although more research is needed, it does seem like e-cigarettes pose less risk to respiratory health than smoking

So, while the innate immune system bounces back quickly, the effects of smoking on the adaptive immune response persist

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