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"I would personally like to see some sort of regulation on how e-liquid is manufactured." MadVapes follows e-liquid production standards set by a volunteer trade organization that aims to "promote safety and responsibility through self-regulation." Hoogendoorn said his company periodically sends batches of its e-liquid to a lab in Raleigh for chemical analysis

doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1632313 Received 14 September 2025 Accepted 30 October 2025 Published 20 November 2025 Volume 13 - 2025 Edited by Andreas Daiber, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany Reviewed by Marin Kuntic, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany Updates Copyright 2025 Abid, Aggarwal, Duarte, Sethi, Iyengar and Zarich