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If quitting smoking is not an option then switching to vaping could be less harmful to fertility because e-cigarettes contain less nicotine

The adaptability of sellers, who have swiftly shifted to social media and discreet retail outlets, continues to fuel the underground market

A wide range of carcinogens and mutagens, including radioactive polonium, benzopyrene, dimethylbenzanthracene, naphthalene methylnaphthalene, polycystic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals such as cadmium, have been found in cigarette smoke (Hosseinzadeh Colagar et al

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Following exclusions of females ( n = 15,151), individuals under 18 years of age ( n = 6,051), those with missing serum cotinine data ( n = 821), and those with missing total testosterone data ( n = 82), the final sample size for this study consisted of 7,797 participants (Fig