It is integrated into comprehensive dual diagnosis treatment
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Respiratory Diseases It can cause Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, and also lead to tuberculosis Effect on pregnancy and its outcome Women who smoke or consume tobacco are at risk of bleeding during pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage/abortion, premature delivery of baby, stillbirth, and abnormalities of the placenta
These data emphasize again the need to integrate actively smoking cessation in health policies for PLWH, but also to personalize the HIV smokers health management with nutrition and exercise to prevent or reverse the bone and muscle loss