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Instead, testing identifies nicotine use through cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine found in saliva, urine, blood, or hair

Factors such as overall lung capacity, metabolism, and tolerance levels can vary among smokers, affecting how they absorb nicotine from tobacco products

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His research has been carried out in close collaboration with Philip Morris International R&D in Neuchtel, Switzerland

The association between cigarette use and mental illness was found among both genders and among age groups (Table 1), as well as among age groups within both genders (Figure 1)