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Image Credit: Bedfont Scientific Ltd A study by Beard and West (2012) investigating the efficacy of personal carbon monoxide monitoring discovered that out of 10 smokers, 7 of the smokers reported that they felt as though the devices had reduced their cigarette consumption 6 smokers reported a lower nicotine dependency relative to baseline

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The meta-analytic methods employed by the present study followed the six main steps proposed by Zheng et al

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Existing literature on the relationship between smoking and specific health outcomes is prolific, including meta-analyses, cohort studies and casecontrol studies analyzing the risk of outcomes such as lung cancer 5,6,7 , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 8,9,10 and ischemic heart disease 11,12,13,14 due to smoking