The GAD-7 results were calculated using the sum of each answer score to a question: minimal (04), mild (59), moderate (1014), and severe (1521)
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In addition, CS-induce pulmonary vascular endothelial cell apoptosis could promote the secretion of transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGF-1) [126, 127]
According to MD Anderson Cancer Center, over-the-counter NRT options including patches, gum, and lozenges remain clinically recommended first-line tools for smoking cessation but they don't address the behavioral ritual that many smokers find equally difficult to break [7]
While regular secondhand smoke exposure can lead to a variety of health issues in adults, children are even more vulnerable to the effects of being around tobacco smoke