glutathione composed of cysteine glycine glutamate The two-step ATP-dependent pathway: 1. + → Glutathione in Our Diet and

Common biomarkers measured in oxidative stress research include hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), hydroxyl radicals (OH ), peroxyl radicals (ROO ), protein carbonyl content (PC) as a marker of oxidative modifications of proteins, malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of ROS-mediated damage of membrane lipids, 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG) as a RNA damage product and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage [38]

176 Hui Wang et al

The alterations observed in lipid metabolism in patients with GWS and ME/CFS suggest potential mitochondrial dysfunction, which may underlie the profound fatigue characteristic of these conditions (Germain et al., 2018, 2020, 2022

Rajabally YA, Martey J

6 Mechanisms of chronic stress-induced neuronal dysfunction 6.1 Neuroinflammation Neuroinflammation refers to immune activation and inflammatory responses within the central nervous system (CNS), typically involving sustained activation of microglia and astrocytes as well as excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines (DiSabato et al., 2016