OConnor told CBS2
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Other peer-reviewed studies provide support for these findings.[3] A 2018 study in Public Finance Review examined littered packs of cigarettes across 132 communities in 38 states, finding that 21 percent of packs did not have proper local stamps.[4] As noted by LaFaive and Nesbit, primary authors of the Mackinac Center study, smuggling comes in different forms: casual smuggling, where smaller quantities of cigarettes are purchased in one area and then transported for personal consumption, and commercial smuggling, which is large-scale criminal activity that can involve counterfeit state tax stamps, counterfeit versions of legitimate brands, hijacked trucks, or officials turning a blind eye.[5] The Mackinac Center has cited numerous examples over the many editions of this report, including stories of a Maryland police officer running illicit cigarettes while on duty, a Virginia man hiring a contract killer over a cigarette smuggling dispute, and prison guards caught smuggling cigarettes into prisons

CDC Contributions in Tobacco Winnable Battle Initiative Monitoring tobacco use and prevention policies The 50th Anniversary Surgeon Generals Report, The Health Consequences of Smoking 50 Years of Progress, was released in January 2014
We decided to use this kind of tool primarily due to the anonymity since, in the questionnaires delivered by the health professionals, respondents often give socially expected answers