Activated macrophages (M1 type macrophages) invade the synovium, and the imbalanced ratio of M1 type and anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2 type) in synovial tissues as well as the differentiation of macrophage precursor cells into osteoclasts are important characteristics of RA (203)
Various nutrients, amino acids, herbal extracts, and probiotics have also been shown to increase glutathione activity in the body, and may be used in conjunction for enhanced therapeutic effect
The time frame for experiencing noticeable results from glutathione supplementation can vary
Stimuli-responsive nanocarrier systems exploit both internal (pH, redox potential, and enzymatic activity) and external (light, magnetic, or thermal) triggers to achieve on-target drug release while minimizing systemic exposure
(Source 8) However, it's hard to say this benefit is due to the caffeine when coffee is very high in polyphenol antioxidant compounds, which are beneficial