doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00546-6
The retina, a choroid-attached transparent tissue anterior to the vitreous humor, acts as a spatial barrier drugs must first penetrate retinal tissues before diffusing into the vitreous humor behind, delaying or restricting distribution[22]
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.908772 Received 31 March 2022 Accepted 10 May 2022 Published 24 May 2022 Volume 13 - 2022 Edited by Xu Chen, Guilin Medical University, China Reviewed by Yin Lin Ge, Qingdao University, China Pengyu Chang, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, China Updates Copyright 2022 Zhang, Hou, Chen, Kan, Han, Zhang and Sun
These phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad3 then interact with their co-chaperone Smad4 to form a complex that reaches the nucleus and stimulates the transcription of pro-fibrotic genes[48]
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.10.005 66