The gut microbiota modulates microglial phenotypic transformation, consequently triggering depressive-like behaviors (Huang et al., 2023)
Exosomes derived from hypoxia-preconditioned mesenchymal stromal cells ameliorate cognitive decline by rescuing synaptic dysfunction and regulating inflammatory responses in APP/PS1 mice
Therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress are discussed in detail for each disease and those that target the shared pathways, including antioxidant therapies, lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise, and emerging treatments
Alfa-amylase is currently recognized as a stress, anxiety, and depression marker (91, 92)
Normal B12 ranges typically fall between 200-900 pg/mL, though functional B12 status is better assessed by methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine levels