& Ryan, E
The main role of folates in decreasing plasma levels of homocysteine might be explained merely by the fact that, in contrast to 5-methylTHF, cobalamin and pyridoxal-5-phosphate only act as cofactors and are not consumed during homocysteine processing (Durand et al, 1998a
doi: 10.1159/000204683 114 KnezevicJStarchlCTmava BerishaAAmreinK
M.LeibowitzS
a decrease in sperm motility (due to mitochondria damage resulting in a reduction in ATP [energy], and damage to the tail a decrease in sperm viability (how long they remain alive) an increase in mid-piece morphology defects (comprised of mostly mitochondria) deleterious effects on sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction (aka sperms ability to fertilize the egg) increased sperm DNA damage and apoptosis (cell death) And could contribute to possible birth defects It should be noted that almost all human ejaculate contains reactive oxygen species (ROS), primarily produced from the above-mentioned lifestyle and environmental factors ( consumption of sugars and oxidized vegetable oils, smoking, alcohol, exposure to environmental toxins, high or chronic emotional stress, circadian rhythm dysregulation (poor sleep), lack of exercise, infections, and a lack of antioxidant intake ), as well as from abnormally shaped sperm present (meaning, if there is a high % of abnormally shaped sperm, or poor morphology, more reactive oxygen species (ROS) will be present, and these days, most sperm samples contain a large % of abnormally shaped sperm)
