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-Synuclein has been reported to cause dysfunction of mitochondrial complex I in PD which in turn increases levels of ROS and consequently ROS-induced oxidative stress (Winklhofer and Haass 2010)

In addition, small molecule inhibitors including SLC7A11 inhibitor HG106 and GCLC inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) were introduced to investigate their effects on ROS, GSH levels and cellular viability in VRK2-KO and VRK2-KD cells, and the results were consistent with the above knockdown experiment (Fig

3.2.1 Nutrient Sensing and AMPK Activation IF reduces nutrient availability, leading to lower insulin levels and suppression of mechanical target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, a pathway that typically inhibits autophagy in the fed state

It also participate in the degradation of dopaminergic neurons

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a crucial role in regulating mood, managing stress responses, and maintaining energy balance