Mitochondrial damage in synovial tissue and oxidative stress environment are key factors in the induction of angiogenesis (183)
McKay DM, Mancini NL, Shearer J, Shutt T (2020) Perturbed mitochondrial dynamics, an emerging aspect of epithelial-microbe interactions
Epithalon, a synthetic tetrapeptide based on pineal gland epithalamin, activates telomerase to maintain or extend telomeresthe protective caps on chromosomes that shorten with age
It is structurally related to tuftsin, an immunomodulatory peptide that plays a role in improving the activity of immune cells such as macrophages and natural killer cells
Additionally, BPC-157 modulates the nitric oxide (NO) system, interacting with both eNOS and iNOS pathways to optimize vascular function