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This process supports healthier liver enzyme levels and may improve overall liver function in patients with metabolic-related liver disorders

Since the standard one-electron reduction potential of (-TO /-TOH) couple is about 500 mV and (Asc /AscH ) couple is 280 mV, vitamin C can regenerate vitamin E (-TOH) from its radical form (-TO ) according to the reaction Glutathione Tripeptide Glutathione (GSH) is a major multifunctional cellular thiol antioxidant and redox buffer

However, mechanistic understanding remains limited, calling for pathway-focused studies that connect molecular changes to organism-level and human health outcomes

Xenophagy is another form of selective autophagy responsible for elimination of pathogens or clearance of invading bacteria which, like mitophagy, relies on TBK1 ( Figure 5 )

Therefore, it is also worth investigating whether CD36 is related to ferroptosis in DKD patients