Downregulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and hepatic CD11b mRNA was also observed exhibiting hepatoprotection [46]
Several factors can reduce DAO levels or activity, including: Gut inflammation (due to infections, food intolerances, IBD, parasites) Leaky gut (increased intestinal permeability) Nutrient deficiencies (e.g., vitamin B6, vitamin C, copper, zinc) Medications (e.g., NSAIDs, antibiotics, antihistamines, antidepressants) Chronic stress Microbial imbalance (dysbiosis) Genetic polymorphisms affecting DAO gene expression Damage to the intestinal lining where DAO is produced is one of the most common contributors to low DAO activity and histamine intolerance
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Bhabak KP, Mugesh G (2010) Functional mimics of glutathione peroxidase: bioinspired synthetic antioxidants