In addition, the p62-Keap1-NRF2 32 , ATG5-ATG7-NCOA4 33 , and glutamine metabolic pathways 25 can effectively regulate the formation of intracellular iron ions and ROS and play a regulatory role in ferroptosis (Fig
The Cu refers to copper, the peptide binds a copper ion, and that copper-binding property is central to its biological function
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Copper is an essential trace mineral it is required for the very enzymes (lysyl oxidase, cytochrome c oxidase, Cu/Zn-SOD, ceruloplasmin) that make GHK-Cus repair biology possible but it is also a redox-active metal that is toxic in excess