1 Introduction Cancer persists as the second leading cause of global mortality, with epidemiological projections estimating 19.97 million new cases and 9.74 million deaths in 2024 ( Nutraceuticals have emerged as compelling candidates in translational oncology, leveraging their dual capacity to potentiate anticancer effects while mitigating treatment-related toxicity ( 2 O 2 )-mediated responses, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, iron-regulated epigenetic reprogramming, anti-apoptotic protein B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) inhibition, Bax (Bcl-2 associated X protein, a well-known pro-apoptotic mediator) activation, mitochondrial hyperpolarization induction, the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP, a known apoptotic indicator) and caspases, mainly caspases 3 and 7 as well as targeting hypoxia-inducible factor-1 ( HIF- ) ( The therapeutic application of VC in oncology has been plagued by persistent controversies, particularly regarding dose-response relationships and administration route efficacy
10.1371/journal.pone.0245209 44 GuanT.XinY.ZhengK.WangR.ZhangX.JiaS.et al (2021)
More recently, several studies suggested that pyroptosis is the type of cell death after APAP overdose (Wang et al., 2021
Safety Considerations and Clinical Decision-Making Both glutathione and milk thistle are generally well tolerated at recommended doses in healthy populations
Grx activity depends on both GSH and GR for regeneration of GSH from GSSG, meaning this system is functionally dependent on the GSH system
