By comparatively analyzing the overall transcriptional profile of the MC58 strain, belonging to the hyperinvasive cc32 (ST-32), with that of the 710 strain, a carrier isolate belonging to the cc136 (ST-136), during adhesion to human nasopharyngeal cells, Joseph et al
Moreover, neonatal cells appear to compensate for the infection-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction by extramitochondrial ATP production, and proliferating cells are particularly susceptible to apoptosis induced by oxidative stress 105
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Alternatively, the copper ion may contribute independently of the peptide, or the clinical effects may be mediated through surface-level signaling that does not require deep penetration
Furthermore, brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and oxidative stress biomarkers, namely malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and glutathione (GSH), were detected in different areas of the brain