PSA (prostate-specific antigen): Baseline PSA before starting any testosterone-enhancing therapy establishes reference
The consequences extend beyond homocysteine accumulation, affecting gene regulation, mitochondrial function, and overall metabolic stability
Hence, elevated oxidative stress in the cornea is likely not a result of aging or cumulative DNA damage [71] but rather thought to be partly attributed to acquired defects in mitochondrial function or ROS-scavenging abilities, leading to broad cellular stress in the corneal stroma, decreased collagen expression, keratocyte loss, and, ultimately, corneal thinning [72]
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GH therapy and cancer risk in hypopituitarism: What we know from human studies