During metabolic acidosis, acidosis stimulates the degradation of skeletal muscle protein, which binds to intrahepatic glutamine and increases extrarenal glutamine, leading to increased glutamine flow through the kidneys and increased urinary ammonia production (99, 100)
2016;2(5, article e1600200) doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1600200
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ERK1/2 activation upregulates collagen gene expression and promotes cell proliferation critical for fibroblast proliferation, while p38 MAPK inhibition reduces inflammatory response
While human studies remain scarce, emerging in vitro models simulating human gut conditions reveal variable microbiota responses to MPs, ranging from dysbiosis and inflammatory metabolite production to probiotic enrichment and metabolic adaptation (Fournier et al., 2023