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However, in recent years autophagy emerged as a selective process that degrades potentially dangerous cellular materials ranging from misfolded proteins and protein aggregates to damaged mitochondria and intracellular bacteria ( 1.1 The mechanism of autophagy Generally, autophagy consists of four distinct phases: (1) initiation, (2) nucleation, (3) elongation, (4) fusion and degradation, which involve many protein complexes required for autophagosome biogenesis, trafficking, fusion with lysosomes, and cargo degradation ( 1.1.1 Initiation During the initiation of autophagy, the Unc-51-like kinase (ULK) complex, consisting of either ULK1 or ULK2 (a serine/threonine kinase), RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 (FIP200), autophagy related protein 13 (ATG13) and autophagy related protein 101 (ATG101), induces the formation of autophagosomes by acting as a scaffold to recruit autophagic machinery ( Under high nutrient availability, mTORC1 is activated and negatively regulates the ULK complex by directly binding and inactivating ULK1 and ATG13 by phosphorylation
Combined nimodipine and citicoline reduce infarct size, attenuate apoptosis and increase bcl2 expression after focal cerebral ischemia
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& Borge, G
