Mechanistically, BPC-157 appears to function through nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation, angiogenic factor regulation, and recruitment of fibroblasts and endothelial progenitor cells 1-3
Thereby, in ketamine-rat, BPC 157 therapy was able to affect all negative-like symptoms in the same way (i.e., BPC 157 counteracts cognition deficit, social withdrawal, anhedonia and has an additional anxiolytic effect), L-arginine and L-NAME could ameliorate some but worsen others [59]
Elderly patients on long-term PPIs should have their B12 status monitored periodically and may require injectable B12 if deficiency develops
Some protocols involve continuous administration for 6-12 months with periodic assessment and dose adjustment
Both methods deliver the vitamin effectively, but they differ in the way the body absorbs it and the specific benefits each provides