Participants who had been categorized as "smokers," "abstainers" from smoking, "regular users of nicotine products" or those who reduced smoking by 50%, called "reducers" provided saliva samples to analyze cotinine levels, a marker of tobacco smoke exposure found in saliva
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Some studies have demonstrated that current smoking habits were associated with increased levels of GFR or creatinine clearance in the general population, 6, 10, 12, 14 whereas other studies have demonstrated decreased GFR levels in current smokers among the general population 7, 15 and diabetic patients