FFAs promote the production of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by inhibiting ATP synthesis in muscles and organs [57], leading to the generation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and toxic lipids (such as diglycerides (DAG), sphingosine, and long-chain fatty acyl coenzyme A) in the body [9, 58], ultimately leading to glucose homeostasis disorders
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Slower escalation reduces the risk of severe nausea and dehydration, which can be more dangerous in older adults with reduced physiological reserves