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Eighty-six adults with type 2 diabetes and a positive H

The pathophysiology of LLD is multifactorial, involving neurochemical, neurodegenerative, and cerebrovascular disease mechanisms that overlap with normal aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders [19, 20]

Antioxidants may to some extent alleviate diabetic-associated complications and restore insulin sensitivity

Researchers planning protocols are referred to the original primary literature cited in the References section for full methodological detail, including vehicle composition (the Sun 2021 vehicle was 10% DMSO, 40% PEG300, 5% Tween-80, 45% saline), administration timing relative to behavioral testing, and outcome assessment timepoints

A systematic review (PMID: 40756949) examined its emerging use in orthopaedic sports medicine, while a 2025 pilot study (PMID: 40131143) provided early human safety data