Evidence snapshot: The strongest human evidence comes from a 2-year randomized controlled trial in 65 healthy older adults (Nass et al., 2008, Annals of Internal Medicine) showing sustained GH/IGF-1 increases and preserved fat-free mass, plus an earlier short-term human polysomnography study on sleep (Copinschi et al., 1997, Neuroendocrinology, PMID 9349662)
2023-2024: Category 2 designation
These risks can be more significant, but if monitored and done in a controlled way, are minimal, says Calvert
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Mechanisms of action studied in research Scientific publications, notably those by Pickart et al., describe several mechanisms of interest: Gene expression modulation transcriptomic studies have shown that GHK-Cu influences the expression of several thousand human genes, particularly those involved in tissue repair