Alcohol swabs disinfect vial stoppers before needle contact
Short-term side effects include flushing (related to vasodilation), nausea (mitigated by maintaining appropriate hydration status), brief headache, or dizziness/lightheadedness
Qian X, Wu W, Hu H et al (2022) The role of reactive oxygen species derived from different NADPH oxidase isoforms and mitochondria in oxalate-induced oxidative stress and cell injury
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) regulation is considered to be independent of the aging-related gene P53 and instead is modulated directly by the DNA damage response (DDR), influencing the IL-6 signaling complex expression on cell surfaces (Rodier et al., 2009)
Methimazole is metabolized through cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes35,36 and flavoprotein mixed-function oxidase (FMO).37,38 Methimazole metabolism through CYP450 enzymes gives N-methylthiourea and glyoxal as two major metabolites.36 Nmethylthiourea is further oxidized with FMO enzyme to give sulfinic and sulfenic acid species.38 Glyoxal, is a reactive compound capable of interacting with different intracellular targets, such as proteins.39 Sulfenic acids are high electrophilic species that form irreversible adduct with cellular nucleophilic sites,40 and may have a role in methimazole-induced hepatotoxicity