Detailed analysis of atpenin A5 and phenformin cytotoxicity and inhibition of metabolic activity in various cell lines As predicted from our modeling approach as tier 1 targets, atpenin A5 at 20 M and phenformin at 100 M do not show toxicity in endpoint measurements based on total cell counting when Calu-3, CaCo-2, A549, and Huh7.5 cells were exposed to the compounds for 72 h (Fig
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Moreover, G289A and T337I mutations are located proximal to the ATP-binding pocket of the C-terminal domain, G289A would cause steric conflict with Ser293, and T337I would cause a hydrophobic patch on the protein surface and reduce protein solubility
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